Introduction. Allergic reactions in children are widespread and often occur to food products. Immediate IgE-mediated manifestations of food allergies cause a lot of worries and troubles for patients and medical personnel, since they occur acutely and, in some cases, cause systemic generalized manifestations.

The aim of the review is to present data on the pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of acute manifestations of food allergy and to consider options for their treatment.

Conclusions. Knowledge of the pathogenesis of IgE-mediated reactions is necessary for any practicing doctor to choose the correct medical tactics and stop emergency reactions.

Introduction. The increasing prevalence of allergic diseases, the variety of clinical forms, the severity of manifestations and a significant violation of the quality of life of patients determine the importance of the allergy problem and the search for its solutions. The purpose of the review is to analyze the advantages and possibilities of preventing allergic diseases at the present stage.

Content. The review presents current data reflecting various aspects of the burden of food allergies and atopic dermatitis in the pediatric population, an analysis of clinical recommendations, as well as the results of modern clinical and pharmacoeconomical studies of the effectiveness of nutritional strategies in the field of primary allergy prevention.

Conclusion. The analysis of the results of numerous studies in the field of prevention of allergic diseases, their qualitative interpretation and translation into relevant clinical recommendations should become the basis for solving the problem of the allergy epidemic and confirming the golden rule of medicine that prevention is better than treatment.

Introduction. The number of patients suffering from asthma and obesity at the same time is increasing, which affects the severity of asthma. The active search for genetic markers characterizing the individual characteristics of human metabolism continues. Of particular interest are the genes associated with obesity.

Material and methods. In order to study the contribution of the rs4994 polymorphism of the ADRB3 gene to the course of the disease in children with BA associated with obesity, 161 children with BA were examined, including 59 patients with obesity of 1–3 stages. The examination included general clinical, functional, instrumental methods. The study of gene polymorphisms was carried out by the polymerase chain reaction method in real time.

Results. Studies of the clinical significance of the β3-adrenoreceptor gene polymorphism in patients with asthma with different disease course showed that patients with mild asthma, regardless of body weight, were significantly more likely to have the dominant Trp64Trp genotype of the ADRB3 gene. No associations of the Arg64 allele were found in patients with body mass index, but a relationship with an increase in glucose levels was determined.

Conclusion. Identification of genetic predictors of both AD and obesity is important for identifying individuals with an increased risk of developing this disease, which allows timely implementation of a set of preventive measures among them.

Introduction. Atopic rhinitis (AR) affects 10–24 % of the population in Russia, often manifesting itself in early childhood. AR is as one of the most prevalent allergic diseases, significantly impacting children’s quality of life, affecting their physical health, psychoemotional well-being, as well as social and educational aspects of life.

Materials and Methods. The study analyzed the responses from 43 children aged 6 to 17, presenting with exacerbations of allergic rhinitis. SNOT-22 test was used to assess the quality of life.

Results. The study identified a substantial deterioration in the quality of life among patients suffering from allergic rhinitis. The analysis revealed that nasal discharge (rhinorrhea) affected 27 (63 %) of the participants, nasal congestion impacted 19 (44 %) individuals, sneezing affected 16 (37 %) patients, coughing affected 15 (35 %) patients, and postnasal drip was observed in 9 (21 %) of the participants. These symptoms significantly impacted the physical and psychoemotional well-being of children, as well as their social activity and academic performance.

Conclusions. Hypoxia, induced by impaired ventilation of the respiratory tract, can negatively affect brain function, leading to decreased attention span, memory impairment, and cognitive dysfunction. The study results highlight the importance of a comprehensive approach to treating allergic rhinitis in children, which should encompass not only pharmacological interventions to alleviate symptoms but also educational programs both for parents and children. The SNOT-22 test proves valuable in everyday clinical practice for pediatricians and allergists, serving as an effective tool for dynamic monitoring both short-term and long-term effects of this condition’s therapy.

Introduction. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic diffuse parenchymal lung disease mainly in premature infants with a wide range of risk factors. In the tissues of the immature lung, inflammatory reactions are triggered with increased production of cytokines, which are controlled by candidate genes and contribute to the formation of BPD. The aim of the study was to study the clinical and anamnestic aspects of polymorphisms of cytokine genes IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNFa, regulating inflammation, as a predisposition factor for the development of BPD in children on the example of the Amur region.

Material and methods. 80 children were examined, 58 of them with BPD (the main group), 22 without this disease (the comparison group). Clinical and anamnestic data were collected, single nucleotide polymorphisms of IL-4 (C589T), IL-6 (C174G), IL-10 (G1082A, C592A, C819T), TNFa (G308A) genes were determined by Real-time PCR.

Results. Indicators of gestational age, body weight, and Apgar scores at the 1st and 5th minutes in children with BPD were lower than in the comparison group. In patients with BPD, 89.66 % of cases revealed the presence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in the neonatal period. When assessing the frequency of occurrence of polymorphic variants of cytokine genes, differences were revealed: in the main group, the GA genotype of the IL-10 gene (G1082A) was determined statistically significantly less frequently than in the comparison group (p < 0.05). Trends were noted in children with BPD with polymorphic variants of the following genes: IL-6 (C174G), IL-10 (G1082A), IL-10 (C819T), TNFa (G308A) — decrease in birth weight; IL-10 (G1082A), IL-10 (C819T) — increase RDS frequencies; IL-4 (C589T), IL-10 (G1082A), IL-10 (C819T), TNFa (G308A) — increased duration of ventilation; IL-6 (C174G), IL-10 (C819T), (C592A) — increased duration of CPAP.

Conclusions. In the conducted study, cytokine gene polymorphisms were detected in children with BPD in the region more often IL-4 (C589T) — CC; IL-10 (G1082A) — GG, AA; IL-10 (C592A) — CC and less frequently IL-4 (C589T) — CT; IL- 10 (G1082A) — GA; IL-10 (C592A) — CA. The noted trends in clinical and anamnestic data and information on the carriage of polymorphic variants of cytokine genes in children with BPD make it possible to develop prognostic scenarios for the development of BPD in the neonatal and postnatal periods.

Introduction. Case reports of Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES) associated with buckwheat consumption are quite rare. However, over the course of 3 years at the Federal State Autonomous Institution “National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health” of the Ministry of Health of Russia, we observed 3 patients who can be considered cases of this rare pathology.

Presentation of the clinical case. The article briefly describes the cases of Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome, associated with consumption of buckwheat porridge, in three patients — 11 months, 7 months, and 7.5 years old. All cases featured an acute form of FPIES of varying severity, with a typical form (absence of specific IgE to buckwheat proteins). The elimination diet excluding the trigger protein was effective in all cases. Two patients were able to reintroduce buckwheat porridge into their diet after 12 months. The 7.5-year-old girl was recommended to continue with the elimination diet for 18 months.

Conclusion. Although buckwheat porridge is generally considered a “hypoallergenic” complementary food, it is important to be aware of the possibility of atypical reactions such as FPIES.