<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">adair</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Аллергология и Иммунология в Педиатрии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Allergology and Immunology in Paediatrics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2500-1175</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2712-7958</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Ассоциация детских аллергологов и иммунологов России</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.53529/2500-1175-2025-3-74-83</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">adair-218</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности показателей трансформирующего фактора роста β1 в сыворотке крови детей с бронхиальной астмой различной степени тяжести и разным объемом базисной терапии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Features of the transforming growth factor β1 parameters in the blood serum among children with varying severity of bronchial asthma and varying volume of basic therapy</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9905-3459</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Успенская</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Uspenskaya</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена Владимировна Успенская, ассистент</p><p>кафедра гистологии, цитологии и эмбриологии</p><p>344022; пер. Нахичеванский, 29; Ростов-на-Дону</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena Vladimirovna Uspenskaya, Assistant Professor</p><p>Histology, Cytology and Embryology Department</p><p>344022; Nakchichevan lane 29; Rostov-on-Don</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">uelena88@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3769-8014</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семерник</surname><given-names>О. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Semernik</surname><given-names>O. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ольга Евгеньевна Семерник, д. м. н., профессор</p><p>кафедра детских болезней № 2</p><p>344022; пер. Нахичеванский, 29; Ростов-на-Дону</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga Evgenievna Semernik, Dr. Sci., Professor</p><p>Pediatric Diseases Department № 2</p><p>344022; Nakchichevan lane 29; Rostov-on-Don</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">semernick@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8055-2184</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексеев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekseev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владимир Вячеславович Алексеев, д. м. н., зав. кафедрой</p><p>кафедра гистологии, цитологии и эмбриологии</p><p>344022; пер. Нахичеванский, 29; Ростов-на-Дону</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir Vyacheslavovich Alekseev, Dr. Sci., Head of the Department</p><p>Histology, Cytology and Embryology Department</p><p>344022; Nakchichevan lane 29; Rostov-on-Don</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Alekseev_vv@rostgmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4525-1500</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебеденко</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedenko</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Анатольевич Лебеденко, д. м. н., профессор, зав. кафедрой</p><p>кафедра детских болезней № 2</p><p>344022; пер. Нахичеванский, 29; Ростов-на-Дону</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander Anatolyevich Lebedenko, Dr. Sci., Professor, Head of the Department</p><p>Pediatric Diseases Department № 2</p><p>344022; Nakchichevan lane 29; Rostov-on-Don</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">leb.rost@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Ростовский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава РФ<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Rostov State Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>74</fpage><lpage>83</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Успенская Е.В., Семерник О.Е., Алексеев В.В., Лебеденко А.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Успенская Е.В., Семерник О.Е., Алексеев В.В., Лебеденко А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Uspenskaya E.V., Semernik O.E., Alekseev V.V., Lebedenko A.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://adair.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/218">https://adair.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/218</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>   Цель</title><p>   Цель. Изучить взаимосвязь концентрации трансформирующего фактора роста β1 (TGF-β1) в сыворотке крови больных бронхиальной астмой (БА) в зависимости от степени тяжести заболевания и объема базисной терапии.</p></sec><sec><title>   Материалы и методы</title><p>   Материалы и методы. Проведено комплексное обследование 159 детей, страдающих атопической БА, из них легкое течение БА наблюдалось у 79 (49,7 %) больных, среднетяжелое — у 33 (20,75 %) человек и тяжелое — у 47 (29,55 %) обследованных пациентов. В группу контроля вошли 30 детей I и IIа групп здоровья. Всем включенным в исследование детям определяли концентрацию TGF-β1 в сыворотке крови методом ИФА с использованием наборов Human TGF-β1 Platinum ELISA, произведенных компанией «Бендер МедСистемс ГмбХ», Австрия (Bender MedSystems GmbH, Campus Vienna Biocenter 2, 1030 Vienna, Austria). Статистическая обработка полученных данных проводилась с использованием пакета программ Statistics 12.0.</p></sec><sec><title>   Результаты</title><p>   Результаты. При исследовании концентрации TGF-β1 в сыворотке крови у обследованных пациентов с БА было установлено повышение показателей этого цитокина в сыворотке крови (9,61 [9,31; 196,0] пг/мл) по сравнению со здоровыми пациентами (p &lt; 0,0001). Максимальные значения были зарегистрированы у больных с легким течением БА (10,39 [9,52; 604,90] пг/мл), в то время как при тяжелом течении его значения были достоверно ниже (9,34 [9,13; 9,56] пг/мл) [р = 0,009]. Установлено, что у больных, получающих монотерапию ингаляционными глюкокортикостероидами (ИГКС), значения данного фактора роста в сыворотке крови (237,68 [9,49; 604,90] пг/мл) превышали показатели, установленные у пациентов, применяющих комбинации ИГКС с антилейкотриеновыми препаратами (9,76 [9,70; 10,39] пг/мл) или длительно действующими β2-агонистами (9,34 [9,31; 9,91] пг/мл) или их сочетанием (9,61 [9,22; 9,79] пг/мл).</p></sec><sec><title>   Заключение</title><p>   Заключение. Результаты проведенных исследований показали, что TGF-β1 не только играет значимую роль в патогенезе БА, но и оказывает влияние на тяжесть клинических проявлений заболевания. Установлено, что у больных при тяжелом течении БА значения TGF-β1 были ниже, чем при легком (р = 0,009). А изучение изменений концентрации данного цитокина у больных показало наличие повышенных значений у пациентов, получающих монотерапию ИГКС. Полученные результаты достаточно неоднозначны и заставляют задуматься о продолжении исследований в данном научном направлении.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>   Objective</title><p>   Objective: the study to relationship between the concentration of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in the blood serum of patients with bronchial asthma (BA), depending on the severity of the disease and the volume of basic therapy.</p></sec><sec><title>   Materials and methods</title><p>   Materials and methods. A comprehensive examination of 159 children suffering from atopic asthma was conducted, of which 79 (49.7 %) patients had mild asthma, 33 (20.75 %) had moderate asthma, and 47 (29.55 %) patients had severe asthma. The control group included 30 children of health groups I and IIa. All children included in the study had their serum concentrations of TGF-β1 determined by ELISA using Human TGF-β1 Platinum ELISA kits manufactured by Bender MedSystems GmbH, Austria (Bender MedSystems GmbH, Campus Vienna Biocenter 2, 1030 Vienna, Austria). Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out using the Statistics 12.0 software package.</p></sec><sec><title>   Results</title><p>   Results. The results of the conducted studies have shown that TGF-β1 plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of asthma. And the study of changes in the concentration of this cytokine in patients depending on the volume of basic therapy makes us think about the development of new targeted therapeutic drugs to optimize pharmacotherapeutic approaches to the treatment of this disease.</p></sec><sec><title>   Conclusion</title><p>   Conclusion. The results of the conducted studies showed that TGF-β1 not only plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of BA, but also affects the severity of clinical manifestations of the disease. It was found that in patients with severe asthma, TGF-β1 values were lower than in mild asthma (p = 0.009). And the study of changes in the concentration of this cytokine in patients showed the presence of increased values in patients receiving monotherapy with ICS. The results obtained are quite ambiguous and make one think about continuing research in this scientific direction.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бронхиальная астма</kwd><kwd>ремоделирование</kwd><kwd>трансформирующий фактор роста β1</kwd><kwd>лечение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bronchial asthma</kwd><kwd>remodeling</kwd><kwd>transforming growth factor β1</kwd><kwd>treatment</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Авторы заявляют об отсутствии спонсорской поддержки при проведении исследования</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The authors declare that no funding was received for this study</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бронхиальная астма : клинические рекомендации. Минздрав РФ. 2024.133. https://raaci.ru/education/clinic_recomendations/1065.html.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bronchial asthma: clinical guidelines. Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 2024.133. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хоха Р.Н., Парамонова Н.С., Заводник Л.Б. Уровень специфического IgE и паттерны сенсибилизации к компонентам аллергена клеща домашней пыли Der p 1 и Der p 2 у детей с бронхиальной астмой. Аллергология и иммунология в педиатрии. 2022; 1: 39–41. doi: 10.53529/2500-1175-2022-1-39-41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khokha R.N., Paramonova N.S., Zavodnik L.B. The level of specific IgE and patterns of sensitization to the components of the house dust mite allergen Der p 1 and Der p 2 in children with bronchial asthma. Allergology and Immunology in Pediatrics. 2022; 1: 39-–41. (In Russ.) doi: 10.53529/2500-1175-2022-1-39-41.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Джумагазиев А.А., Савенкова Н.Д., Безрукова Д.А. и др. Проблема прогнозирования риска развития бронхиальной астмы у детей раннего и дошкольного возраста. Астраханский медицинский журнал. 2022; 17 (1): 6–13. doi: 10.48612/agmu/2022.17.1.6.13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dzhumagaziev A.A., Savenkova N.D., Bezrukova D.A., et al. The problem of predicting the risk of developing bronchial asthma in children of early and preschool age. Astrakhan Medical Journal. 2022; 17 (1): 6-–13. (In Russ.) doi: 10.48612/agmu/2022.17.1.6.13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бокова Т.А., Карташова Д.А., Троицкая Е.В., Будзинский Р.М. Клинико-эпидемиологическая характеристика и качество контроля бронхиальной астмы у детей, проживающих в Московской области. Профилактическая медицина. 2022; 25 (2): 32-36. doi: 10.17116/profmed20222502132.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bokova T.A., Kartashova D.A., Troitskaya E.V., Budzinsky R.M. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics and quality of control of bronchial asthma in children living in the Moscow region. Preventive Medicine. 2022; 25 (2): 32 –36. (In Russ.) doi: 10.17116/profmed20222502132.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ермакова О.А. Современные представления о бронхиальной астме среди детей и подростков. Молодой ученый. 2019; 4: 111–114.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ermakova O. A. Modern concepts of bronchial asthma among children and adolescents. Young scientist. 2019; 4: 111-–114. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Холбутаева М.А., Бурхонова М.Б., Бабаджанова Ш.Р. Бронхиальная астма у детей : литературный обзор. Международный журнал научных исследователей. 2025; 10 (1): 161–167.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kholbutaeva M. A., Burkhonova M. B., Babajanova Sh. R. Bronchial asthma in children : a literature review. International Journal of Scientific Research. 2025; 10 (1):, 161–167. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marques L., Vale N. Salbutamol in the Management of Asthma: A Review. Int. J. Mol Sci. 2022; 23 (22): 14207. doi: 10.3390/ijms232214207.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marques L., Vale N. Salbutamol in the Management of Asthma : A Review. Int. J. Mol Sci. 2022; 23 (22): 14207. doi: 10.3390/ijms232214207.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berggren-Nylund R., Ryde M., Löfdahl A., et al. Effects of hypoxia on bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells linked to pathogenesis in chronic lung disorders. Front Physiol. 2023; 14: 1094245. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1094245.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berggren-Nylund R., Ryde M., Löfdahl A., et al. Effects of hypoxia on bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells linked to pathogenesis in chronic lung disorders. Front Physiol. 2023; 14: 1094245. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1094245.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жулдибаева С.Ж, Тожиалиев И.Г. Патофизиология бронхиальной астмы. Экспериментальная медицина: сегодня и в будущем. 2023; 1 (1): 41–42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhuldibayeva S.Zh, Tozhialiyev I.G. Pathophysiology of Bronchial Asthma. Experimental Medicine: Today and in the Future. 2023; 1 (1),: 41–42. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alvarez C.A., Qian E., Glendenning L.M., et al. Acute and chronic lung inflammation drives changes in epithelial glycans. Front. Immunol. 2023; 14: 1167908. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1167908.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alvarez C.A., Qian E., Glendenning L.M., et al. Acute and chronic lung inflammation drives changes in epithelial glycans. Front. Immunol. 2023; 14: 1167908. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1167908.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Savin I.A., Zenkova M.A., Sen’kova A.V. Bronchial Asthma, Airway Remodeling and Lung Fibrosis as Successive Steps of One Process. Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 7; 24 (22):16042. doi: 10.3390/ijms242216042.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Savin I.A., Zenkova M.A., Sen’kova A.V. Bronchial Asthma, Airway Remodeling and Lung Fibrosis as Successive Steps of One Process. Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 7; 24 (22): 16042. doi: 10.3390/ijms242216042.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Потапова Н.Л., Гаймоленко И.Н. Биомаркеры ремоделирования дыхательных путей при бронхиальной астме. Доктор.Ру. 2020; 19 (11): 27–31. doi: 10.31550/1727-2378-2020-19-11-27-31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Potapova N.L., Gaymolenko I.N. Biomarkers of Airway Remodeling in Bronchial Asthma. Doctor.Ru. 2020; 19 (11): 27–31. (In Russ.) doi: 10.31550/1727-2378-2020-19-11-27-31.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Национальная программа «Бронхиальная астма у детей. Стратегия лечения и профилактика». 6-е изд., перераб. и доп. М.: Оригинал-макет, 2021. 228 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">National program “Bronchial asthma in children. Treatment strategy and prevention”. 6th ed., revised. and added. M.: Original-maket,. 2021.: 228 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paw M., Wnuk D., Madeja Z., et al. PPARδ Agonist GW501516 Suppresses the TGF-β-Induced Profibrotic Response of Human Bronchial Fibroblasts from Asthmatic Patients. Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24 (9): 7721. doi: 10.3390/ijms24097721.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paw M., Wnuk D., Madeja Z., et al. PPARδ Agonist GW501516 Suppresses the TGF-β-Induced Profibrotic Response of Human Bronchial Fibroblasts from Asthmatic Patients. Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24 (9): 7721. doi: 10.3390/ijms24097721.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hsieh A., Assadinia N., Hackett T.L. Airway remodeling heterogeneity in asthma and its relationship to disease outcomes. Front. Physiol. 2023;14:1113100. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1113100</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hsieh A., Assadinia N., Hackett T.L. Airway remodeling heterogeneity in asthma and its relationship to disease outcomes. Front. Physiol. 2023; 14: 1113100. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1113100.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jaykumar A.B., Plumber S., Barry D.M., et al. WNK1 collaborates with TGF-β in endothelial cell junction turnover and angio-genesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022;119(30): e2203743119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2203743119.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jaykumar A.B., Plumber S., Barry D.M., et al. WNK1 collaborates with TGF-β in endothelial cell junction turnover and angio-genesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2022; 119 (30): e2203743119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2203743119.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Du Y., Luan J., Jiang RP., et al. Myrcene exerts anti-asthmatic activity in neonatal rats via modulating the matrix remodeling. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2020; 34. doi: 10.1177/2058738420954948.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Du Y., Luan J., Jiang RP., et al. Myrcene exerts anti-asthmatic activity in neonatal rats via modulating the matrix remodeling. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2020; 34. doi: 10.1177/2058738420954948.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сивакова Л.В., Можейко Л.В., Распопов А.А., и др. Роль медиаторов в патогенезе бронхиальной астмы. European Journal of Natural History. 2024; 4: 24–28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sivakova L.V., Mozheiko L.V., Raspopov A.A., et al. The Role of Mediators in the Pathogenesis of Bronchial Asthma. European Journal of Natural History. 2024; 4: 24-–28. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Uemura A., Fruttiger M., D’Amore P.A., et al. VEGFR1 Signaling in Retinal Angiogenesis and Microinflammation. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2021; 84: 100954. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100954.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uemura A., Fruttiger M., D’Amore P.A., et al. VEGFR1 Signaling in Retinal Angiogenesis and Microinflammation. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2021; 84: 100954. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100954.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katsuno Y., Derynck R. Epithelial plasticity, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and the TGF-β family. Dev Cell. 2021; 56 (6): 726–746. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.02.028.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katsuno Y., Derynck R. Epithelial plasticity, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and the TGF-β family. Dev Cell. 2021; 56 (6): 726–746. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.02.028.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Потапова Н.Л., Гаймоленко И.Н. Анализ уровня трансформирующего фактора роста β1 у детей, больных бронхиальной астмой. МиД. 2019; 4: 21–25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Potapova N.L., Gaymolenko I.N. Analysis of the level of transforming growth factor β1 in children with bronchial asthma. MiD. 2019; 4: 21-–25. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Геренг Е.А., Суходоло И.В., Плешко Р.И. Роль трансформирующего фактора роста β1 в структурных изменениях бронхиальной стенки при различных вариантах воспаления в бронхах. Бюллетень СО РАМН. 2012; 32 (5): 28–32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gereng E.A., Sukhodolo I.V., and Pleshko R.I. The Role of Transforming Growth Factor β1 in Structural Changes of the Bronchial Wall in Various Forms of Bronchial Inflammation. Bulletin of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. 2012; 32 (5): 28–32. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пыцкий В.И. Ремоделирование органов — типовой патологический процесс. Астма. 2010; 11 (2): 65–74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pitsky V.I. Organ remodeling is a typical pathological process. Asthma. 2010; 11 (2): 65–74. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Приходько А.Г., Перельман Ю.М., Колосов В.П. Гиперреактивность дыхательных путей / А.Г. Приходько, Ю.М. Перельман, В.П. Колосов. Дальнаука. 2011; 204.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prikhodko A.G., Perelman Yu.M., Kolosov V.P. Hyperreactivity of the Airway / A.G. Prikhodko, Yu.M. Perelman, V.P. Kolosov. Dalnauka. 2011; 204. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Postma D.S., Kerstjens H.A. Are inhaled glucocorticosteroids effective in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999; 160 (5 Pt 2): 66–71. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.supplement_1.16. PMID: 10556173.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Postma D.S., Kerstjens H.A. Are inhaled glucocorticosteroids effective in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999; 160 (5 Pt 2): 66–71. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.supplement_1.16. PMID: 10556173.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чернышева О.Е. Маркеры ремоделирования дыхательных путей. Здоровье ребенка. 2014; 7 (58): 80–83.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chernysheva O.E. Markers of Airway Remodeling. Child Health. 2014; 7 (58): 80–83. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kraik K., Tota M., Laska J., et al. The Role of Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Cells. 2024; 13 (15): 1271. doi: 10.3390/cells13151271.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kraik K., Tota M., Laska J., et al. The Role of Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Cells. 2024; 13 (15): 1271. doi: 10.3390/cells13151271.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Halwani R., Al-Muhsen S., Al-Jahdali H., et al. Role of Transforming Growth Factor–β in Airway Remodeling in Asthma. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 2012; 44: 127–133. doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0027TR.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Halwani R., Al-Muhsen, S., Al-Jahdali, H., et al. Role of Transforming Growth Factor–β in Airway Remodeling in Asthma. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 2012; 44: 127–133. doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0027TR.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doherty T., Broide D. Cytokines and Growth Factors in Airway Remodeling in Asthma. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2007; 19: 676–680. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2007.07.017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doherty T., Broide D. Cytokines and Growth Factors in Airway Remodeling in Asthma. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2007; 19: 676–680. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2007.07.017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manuyakorn W., Kamchaisatian W., Atamasirikul K., et al. Serum TGF-β1 in Atopic Asthma. Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. 2008; 26: 185–189. PMID: 19317336.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manuyakorn W., Kamchaisatian W., Atamasirikul K., et al. Serum TGF-B1 in Atopic Asthma. Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. 2008; 26: 185–189. PMID: 19317336.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Todorova L., Bjermer L., Westergren-Thorsson G., et al. TGFβ-induced matrix production by bronchial fibroblasts in asthma: budesonide and formoterol effects. Respir Med. 2011; 105 (9): 1296–1307. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2011.03.020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Todorova L., Bjermer L., Westergren-Thorsson G., et al. TGFβ-induced matrix production by bronchial fibroblasts in asthma: budesonide and formoterol effects. Respir Med. 2011; 105 (9): 1296–1307. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2011.03.020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
