adairАллергология и Иммунология в ПедиатрииAllergology and Immunology in Paediatrics2500-11752712-7958Ассоциация детских аллергологов и иммунологов России10.53529/2500-1175-2025-2-15-28adair-202Research ArticleОБЗОРREVIEWАллергический ринит у детей с ожирением: современный взгляд на проблемуAllergic rhinitis in children with obesity: a modern view of the problemhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2655-1284КоролеваА. Е.KorolevaA. E.

Королева Анна Евгеньевна — к. м. н., ассистент кафедры детских болезней лечебного и стоматологического факультетов 

214019, г. Смоленск, ул. Крупской, 28

Anna E. Koroleva — Cand. Sci., Assistant Professor, Department of Children’s Diseases of the Medical and Dental Faculties

28 Krupskaya Str., Smolensk, 214019

anna.ochkurenko@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9141-5348БекезинВ. В.BekezinV. V.

Бекезин Владимир Владимирович — д. м. н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой детских болезней лечебного и стоматологического факультетов 

214019, г. Смоленск, ул. Крупской, 28

Vladimir V. Bekezin — Dr. Sci., Professor, Head, Department of Children’s Diseases of the Medical and Dental Faculties

28 Krupskaya Str., Smolensk, 214019

smolenskbvv@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7806-9484МешковаР. Я.MeshkovaR. Y.

Мешкова Раиса Яковлевна — д. м. н., профессор, заведующая кафедрой клинической иммунологии и аллергологии 

214019, г. Смоленск, ул. Крупской, 28

Raisa Y. Meshkova — Dr. Sci., Professor, Head, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology

28 Krupskaya Str., Smolensk, 214019

meshkova.raisa@yandex.ruФедеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Смоленский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава РоссииРоссияSmolensk State Medical UniversityRussian Federation202511082025021528Copyright © Королева А.Е., Бекезин В.В., Мешкова Р.Я., 20252025Королева А.Е., Бекезин В.В., Мешкова Р.Я.Koroleva A.E., Bekezin V.V., Meshkova R.Y.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://adair.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/202Актуальность

Актуальность. В последние десятилетия отмечается эпидемический рост ряда неинфекционных хронических заболеваний, являющихся глобальной проблемой здравоохранения. В детской популяции наблюдается увеличение распространенности как аллергического ринита (АР), так и ожирения. В связи с этим представляет особый интерес изучение АР у детей с коморбидным ожирением.

Целью обзора является обобщение современных данных об иммунологических и клинико-эпидемиологических особенностях АР у детей с коморбидным ожирением.

Содержание

Содержание. В обзоре представлены актуальные сведения о роли отдельных цитокинов и адипокинов в формировании хронического системного воспаления у детей с АР на фоне избытка жировой массы тела. Проведен анализ литературных данных о значении ожирения как возможного фактора риска развития АР в детском возрасте. Обсуждены клинико-эпидемиологические особенности, а также приведены единичные исследования, касающиеся некоторых аспектов терапии АР у пациентов с ожирением.

Заключение

Заключение. Проведенный анализ показал, что имеющиеся на сегодняшний день данные о наличии связи АР и избытка массы тела / ожирения у детей носят противоречивый характер и требуют проведения дальнейших исследований. 

Relevance

Relevance. In recent decades, there has been an increase in a number of non-communicable chronic diseases and treated as a global health priority. There is an increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases, including allergic rhinitis (AR), and obesity in the pediatric population. In this regard, the study of AR in children with comorbid obesity is of particular interest.

The aim of the review is to summarize current data on the immunological and clinical-epidemiological features of AR in children with comorbid obesity.

Content

Content. The review presents current information on the role of individual cytokines and adipokines in the development of chronic systemic inflammation in children with AR and obesity. An analysis of literature data on the significance of obesity as a possible risk factor for the development of AR in childhood is conducted. Clinical and epidemiological features are discussed, and individual studies are presented on some aspects of AR therapy in obese patients.

Conclusions

Conclusions. The analysis showed that the currently available data on the relationship between AR and overweight/obesity in children are contradictory and require further research.

аллергический ринитожирениецитокиныинтерлейкин-33интерлейкин-1βлептинадипонектинallergic rhinitisobesitycytokinesinterleukin-33interleukin-1βleptinadiponectinReferencesPassali D., Cingi C., Staffa P. et al. The International Study of the Allergic Rhinitis Survey: outcomes from 4 geographical regions. Asia Pacific Allergy. 2018; 8 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.5415/apallergy.2018.8.e7.Passali D., Cingi C., Staffa P. et al. The International Study of the Allergic Rhinitis Survey: outcomes from 4 geographical regions. Asia Pacific Allergy. 2018; 8 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.5415/apallergy.2018.8.e7.Bousquet J., Anto J.M., Bachert C. et al. Allergic rhinitis. Nature reviews. Disease primers. 2020; 6 (1): 95. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-020-00227-0.Bousquet J., Anto J.M., Bachert C. et al. Allergic rhinitis. Nature reviews. Disease primers. 2020; 6 (1): 95. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-020-00227-0.Zhou J., Luo F., Han Y. et al. Obesity/overweight and risk of allergic rhinitis: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2020; 75 (5): 1272–1275. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14143.Zhou J., Luo F., Han Y. et al. Obesity/overweight and risk of allergic rhinitis: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2020; 75 (5): 1272–1275. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14143.Kelishadi R., Roufarshbaf M., Soheili S. et al. Association of Childhood Obesity and the Immune System: A Systematic Review of Reviews. Childhood Obesity. 2017; 13 (4): 332–346. https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2016.0176.Kelishadi R., Roufarshbaf M., Soheili S. et al. Association of Childhood Obesity and the Immune System: A Systematic Review of Reviews. Childhood Obesity. 2017; 13 (4): 332–346. https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2016.0176.Мигачева Н.Б., Скворцова О.В., Каганова Т.И., Гинзбург А.С. Парадоксы иммунного ответа при ожирении. Эффективная фармакотерапия. 2023; 19 (28): 30–36.Migacheva N.B., Skvortsova O.V., Kaganova T.I., Ginzburg A.S. Paradoxes of the immune response in obesity. Effective Pharmacotherapy. 2023; 19 (28): 30–36. (In Russ.)Recinella L., Orlando G., Ferrante C. et al. Adipokines: New Potential Therapeutic Target for Obesity and Metabolic, Rheumatic and Cardiovascular Diseases. Frontiers in physiology. 2020; 11: 1–32. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.578966.Recinella L., Orlando G., Ferrante C. et al. Adipokines: New Potential Therapeutic Target for Obesity and Metabolic, Rheumatic and Cardiovascular Diseases. Frontiers in physiology. 2020; 11: 1–32. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.578966.Umano G.R., Pistone C., Tondina E. et al. Pediatric Obesity and the Immune System. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 2019; 7: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2019.00487.Umano G.R., Pistone C., Tondina E. et al. Pediatric Obesity and the Immune System. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 2019; 7: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2019.00487.Yeo B.S.Y., Guan E.J., Ng K. et al. Association of Abnormal Body Weight and Allergic Rhinitis-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 2025; 55 (2): 142–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.14604.Yeo B.S.Y., Guan E.J., Ng K. et al. Association of Abnormal Body Weight and Allergic Rhinitis-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 2025; 55 (2): 142–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.14604.Tajima H., Pawankar R. Obesity and adiposity indicators in asthma and allergic rhinitis in children. Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology. 2019; 19 (1): 7–11. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0000000000000504.Tajima H., Pawankar R. Obesity and adiposity indicators in asthma and allergic rhinitis in children. Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology. 2019; 19 (1): 7–11. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0000000000000504.Stefani C., Pecoraro L., Flodmark C.E. et al. Allergic Diseases and Childhood Obesity: A Detrimental Link? Biomedicines. 2023; 11: 2061. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11072061.Stefani C., Pecoraro L., Flodmark C.E. et al. Allergic Diseases and Childhood Obesity: A Detrimental Link? Biomedicines. 2023; 11: 2061. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11072061.Wang X., Shen Y., Ke X. et al. Role of leptin/ILC2 axis in allergic rhinitis in obese children. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology. 2022; 157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2022.111127.Wang X., Shen Y., Ke X. et al. Role of leptin/ILC2 axis in allergic rhinitis in obese children. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology. 2022; 157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2022.111127.Wang X., Hu G., Shen Y. et al. Leptin mediated activation of group 2 innate lymphocytes aggravates the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis in obese adults. 2022; 38 (12): 1118–1124.Wang X., Hu G., Shen Y. et al. Leptin mediated activation of group 2 innate lymphocytes aggravates the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis in obese adults. 2022; 38 (12): 1118–1124.Liu W., Zeng Q., Zhou L. et al. Association of leptin with disease severity and inflammation indicators in Chinese obese children with allergic rhinitis. Pediatric allergy and immunology. 2018; 29 (2): 186–193. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12856.Liu W., Zeng Q., Zhou L. et al. Association of leptin with disease severity and inflammation indicators in Chinese obese children with allergic rhinitis. Pediatric allergy and immunology. 2018; 29 (2): 186–193. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12856.Hsueh K.C., Lin Y.J., Lin H.C. et al. Serum leptin and adiponectin levels correlate with severity of allergic rhinitis. Pediatric allergy and immunology: official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2010; 21 (1): 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2009.00878.x.Hsueh K.C., Lin Y.J., Lin H.C. et al. Serum leptin and adiponectin levels correlate with severity of allergic rhinitis. Pediatric allergy and immunology: official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2010; 21 (1): 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2009.00878.x.Unal M., Eskandari G., Muşlu N. et al. Serum leptin levels in patients with allergic rhinitis. Otolaryngology-head and neck surgery: official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 2006; 134 (2): 331–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2005.11.021.Unal M., Eskandari G., Muşlu N. et al. Serum leptin levels in patients with allergic rhinitis. Otolaryngology-head and neck surgery: official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 2006; 134 (2): 331–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2005.11.021.Zeng Q., Luo X., Han M. et al. Leptin/Osteopontin Axis Regulated Type 2T Helper Cell Response in Allergic Rhinitis with Obesity. Ebiomedicine. 2018; 32: 43–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.05.037.Zeng Q., Luo X., Han M. et al. Leptin/Osteopontin Axis Regulated Type 2T Helper Cell Response in Allergic Rhinitis with Obesity. Ebiomedicine. 2018; 32: 43–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.05.037.Liu W., Zeng Q., Chen Y. et al. Role of leptin/osteopontin axis in the function of eosinophils in allergic rhinitis with obesity. Mediators of Inflammation. 2018: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9138904.Liu W., Zeng Q., Chen Y. et al. Role of leptin/osteopontin axis in the function of eosinophils in allergic rhinitis with obesity. Mediators of Inflammation. 2018: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9138904.Королева А.Е., Бекезин В.В., Мешкова Р.Я., Демина Е.Г., Цветная И.Н. Фенотипические маркеры аллергического ринита у детей на фоне избыточной массы тела и ожирения. Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии. 2023; 68 (4): 351.Koroleva A.E., Bekezin V.V., Meshkova R.Ya., Demina E.G., Tsvetnaya I.N. Phenotypic markers of allergic rhinitis in children with overweight and obesity. Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics. 2023; 68 (4): 351. (In Russ.)Kalpaklıoglu A.F., Baccioglu A., Yalim S.A. Does serum leptin levels differ between patients with rhinitis of allergic versus nonallergic etiology? The clinical respiratory journal. 2021; 15 (12): 1352–1358. https://doi.org/10.1111/crj.13440.Kalpaklıoglu A.F., Baccioglu A., Yalim S.A. Does serum leptin levels differ between patients with rhinitis of allergic versus nonallergic etiology? The clinical respiratory journal. 2021; 15 (12): 1352–1358. https://doi.org/10.1111/crj.13440.Shore S.A., Terry R.D., Flynt L. et al. Adiponectin attenuates allergen-induced airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in mice. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. 2006; 118 (2): 389–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.04.021.Shore S.A., Terry R.D., Flynt L. et al. Adiponectin attenuates allergen-induced airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in mice. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. 2006; 118 (2): 389–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.04.021.Wang H.R., Wei S.Z., Song X.Y. et al. IL-1β and Allergy: Focusing on Its Role in Allergic Rhinitis. Mediators of Inflammation. 2023: 1265449. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1265449.Wang H.R., Wei S.Z., Song X.Y. et al. IL-1β and Allergy: Focusing on Its Role in Allergic Rhinitis. Mediators of Inflammation. 2023: 1265449. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1265449.Han M.W., Kim S.H., Oh I. et al. Serum IL-1β can be a biomarker in children with severe persistent allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2019; 18 (15): 58. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13223-019-0368-8.22. Han M.W., Kim S.H., Oh I. et al. Serum IL-1β can be a biomarker in children with severe persistent allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2019; 18 (15): 58. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13223-019-0368-8.Han M.W., Kim S.H., Oh I. et al. Obesity Can Contribute to Severe Persistent Allergic Rhinitis in Children through Leptin and Interleukin-1β. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2021; 182 (6): 546–555. https://doi.org/10.1159/000512920.Han M.W., Kim S.H., Oh I. et al. Obesity Can Contribute to Severe Persistent Allergic Rhinitis in Children through Leptin and Interleukin-1β. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2021; 182 (6): 546–555. https://doi.org/10.1159/000512920.Королева А.Е., Бекезин В.В., Сергеева И.Н., Волкова Е.А., Мешкова Р.Я. Роль IL-33 и IL-1β в развитии персистирующего аллергического ринита у детей с избыточной массой тела / ожирением. Российский аллергологический журнал. 2022; 19 (4): 472–482. https://doi.org/10.36691/RJA1575.Koroleva A.E., Bekezin V.V., Sergeeva I.N., Volkova E.A., Meshkova R.Ya. The role of IL-33 and IL-1β in the development of persistent allergic rhinitis in children with overweight/obesity. Russian Journal of Allergology. 2022; 19 (4): 472–482. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.36691/RJA1575.Cayrol C., Girard J.P. Interleukin-33 (IL-33): A critical review of its biology and the mechanisms involved in its release as a potent extracellular cytokine. Cytokine. 2022; 156: 155891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155891.Cayrol C., Girard J.P. Interleukin-33 (IL-33): A critical review of its biology and the mechanisms involved in its release as a potent extracellular cytokine. Cytokine. 2022; 156: 155891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155891.Hong H., Liao S., Chen F. et al. Role of IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP in triggering united airway diseases toward type 2 inflammation. Allergy. 2020; 75 (11): 2794–2804. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14526.Hong H., Liao S., Chen F. et al. Role of IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP in triggering united airway diseases toward type 2 inflammation. Allergy. 2020; 75 (11): 2794–2804. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14526.Chan B.C.L., Lam C.W.K., Tam L.S. et al. IL33: Roles in Allergic Inflammation and Therapeutic Perspectives. Frontiers in immunology. 2019; 10: 364. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00364.Chan B.C.L., Lam C.W.K., Tam L.S. et al. IL33: Roles in Allergic Inflammation and Therapeutic Perspectives. Frontiers in immunology. 2019; 10: 364. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00364.Han J. M., Wu D., Denroche H.C. et al. IL-33 Reverses an Obesity-Induced Deficit in Visceral Adipose Tissue ST2+ T Regulatory Cells and Ameliorates Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Insulin Resistance. Journal of immunology. 2015; 10 (194): 4777–4783. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1500020.Han J. M., Wu D., Denroche H.C. et al. IL-33 Reverses an Obesity-Induced Deficit in Visceral Adipose Tissue ST2+ T Regulatory Cells and Ameliorates Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Insulin Resistance. Journal of immunology. 2015. 10 (194): 4777–4783. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1500020.Lam E.P., Kariyawasam H.H., Rana B.M. IL-25/IL-33-responsive TH2 cells characterize nasal polyps with a default TH17 signature in nasal mucosa. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. 2016. 137 (5): 1514–1524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.10.019.Lam E.P., Kariyawasam H.H., Rana B.M. IL-25/IL-33-responsive TH2 cells characterize nasal polyps with a default TH17 signature in nasal mucosa. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. 2016. 137 (5): 1514–1524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.10.019.Matsushita K., Kato Y., Akasaki S. et al. Proallergic cytokines and group 2 innate lymphoid cells in allergic nasal diseases. Allergology international: official journal of the Japanese Society of Allergology. 2015; 64 (3): 235–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2014.12.008.Matsushita K., Kato Y., Akasaki S. et al. Proallergic cytokines and group 2 innate lymphoid cells in allergic nasal diseases. Allergology international: official journal of the Japanese Society of Allergology. 2015. 64 (3): 235–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2014.12.008.Oliveira M.F., Talvani A., Rocha-Vieira E. IL-33 in obesity: where do we go from here? Inflammation research. 2019; 68 (3): 185–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-019-01214-2.Oliveira M.F., Talvani A., Rocha-Vieira E. IL-33 in obesity: where do we go from here? Inflammation research. 2019; 68 (3): 185–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-019-01214-2.Glück J., Rymarczyk B., Rogala B. Serum IL-33 but not ST2 level is elevated in intermittent allergic rhinitis and is a marker of the disease severity. Inflammation research: official journal of the European Histamine Research Society. 2012; 61 (6): 547–550. doi: 10.1007/s00011-012-0443-9.Glück J., Rymarczyk B., Rogala B. Serum IL-33 but not ST2 level is elevated in intermittent allergic rhinitis and is a marker of the disease severity. Inflammation research: official journal of the European Histamine Research Society. 2012; 61 (6): 547–550. doi: 10.1007/s00011-012-0443-9.Lei Y., Yang H., Zhen L. Obesity is a risk factor for allergic rhinitis in children of Wuhan (China). Asia Pacific Аllergy. 2016; 6 (2): 101–104. https://doi.org/10.5415/apallergy.2016.6.2.101.Lei Y., Yang H., Zhen L. Obesity is a risk factor for allergic rhinitis in children of Wuhan (China). Asia Pacific Аllergy. 2016; 6 (2): 101–104. https://doi.org/10.5415/apallergy.2016.6.2.101.Saadeh D., Salameh P., Caillaud D. et al. High body mass index and allergies in schoolchildren: The french six cities study. BMJ Open Respiratory Research. 2014; 1 (1): e000054. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2014-000054.Saadeh D., Salameh P., Caillaud D. et al. High body mass index and allergies in schoolchildren: The french six cities study. BMJ Open Respiratory Research. 2014; 1 (1): e000054. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2014-000054.Baumann L.M., Romero K.M., Robinson C.L. et al. Prevalence and risk factors for allergic rhinitis in two resource-limited settings in Peru with disparate degrees of urbanization. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 2015; 45 (1): 192–199. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12379.Baumann L.M., Romero K.M., Robinson C.L. et al. Prevalence and risk factors for allergic rhinitis in two resource-limited settings in Peru with disparate degrees of urbanization. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 2015; 45 (1): 192–199. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12379.Lim M.S., Lee C.H., Sim S. et al. Physical Activity, Sedentary Habits, Sleep, and Obesity are Associated with Asthma, Allergic Rhinitis, and Atopic Dermatitis in Korean Adolescents. Yonsei Med J. 2017; 58 (5): 1040–1046. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2017.58.5.1040.Lim M.S., Lee C.H., Sim S. et al. Physical Activity, Sedentary Habits, Sleep, and Obesity are Associated with Asthma, Allergic Rhinitis, and Atopic Dermatitis in Korean Adolescents. Yonsei Med J. 2017; 58 (5): 1040–1046. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2017.58.5.1040.Campbell E.A., Qian T., Miller J.M. et al. Identification of temporal condition patterns associated with pediatric obesity incidence using sequence mining and big data. International Journal of Obesity. 2020; 44 (8): 1753–1765. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-020-0614-7.Campbell E.A., Qian T., Miller J.M. et al. Identification of temporal condition patterns associated with pediatric obesity incidence using sequence mining and big data. International Journal of Obesity. 2020; 44 (8): 1753–1765. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-020-0614-7.Vehapoglu A., Cakın Z.E., Kahraman F.U. et al. Is overweight/obesity a risk factor for atopic allergic disease in prepubertal children? A case–control study. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2021; 34 (6): 727–732. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2021-0051.Vehapoglu A., Cakın Z.E., Kahraman F.U. et al. Is overweight/obesity a risk factor for atopic allergic disease in prepubertal children? A case–control study. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2021; 34 (6): 727–732. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2021-0051.Kreißl S., Radon K., Dressel H. et al. Body mass index change and atopic diseases are not always associated in children and adolescents. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014; 113 (4): 440–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2014.07.011.Kreißl S., Radon K., Dressel H. et al. Body mass index change and atopic diseases are not always associated in children and adolescents. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014; 113 (4): 440–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2014.07.011.Lin M.H., Hsieh C.J., Caffrey J.L. et al. Fetal Growth, Obesity, and Atopic Disorders in Adolescence: Retrospective Birth Cohort Study. Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2015; 29 (5): 472–479. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12215.Lin M.H., Hsieh C.J., Caffrey J.L. et al. Fetal Growth, Obesity, and Atopic Disorders in Adolescence: Retrospective Birth Cohort Study. Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2015; 29 (5): 472–479. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12215.Mai X.M., Almqvist C., Nilsson L., Wickman M. Birth anthropometric measures, body mass index and allergic diseases in a birth cohort study (BAMSE). Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2007; 92 (10): 881–886. https://doi.org/.1136/adc.2006.110692.Mai X.M., Almqvist C., Nilsson L., Wickman M. Birth anthropometric measures, body mass index and allergic diseases in a birth cohort study (BAMSE). Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2007; 92 (10): 881–886. https://doi.org/.1136/adc.2006.110692.Chang C.L., Ali G.B., Lodge C.J. et al. Associations between Body Mass Index Trajectories in the first two years of life and Allergic Rhinitis, Eczema and Food Allergy outcomes up to early adulthood. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2022; 33 (3): e13765. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.13765.Chang C.L., Ali G.B., Lodge C.J. et al. Associations between Body Mass Index Trajectories in the first two years of life and Allergic Rhinitis, Eczema and Food Allergy outcomes up to early adulthood. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2022; 33 (3): e13765. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.13765.Weinmayr G., Forastiere F., Büchele G. et al. ISAAC Phase Two Study Group. Overweight/obesity and respiratory and allergic disease in children: international study of asthma and allergies in childhood (ISAAC) phase two. PLoS One. 2014; 9 (12): e113996. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113996.Weinmayr G., Forastiere F., Büchele G. et al. ISAAC Phase Two Study Group. Overweight/obesity and respiratory and allergic disease in children: international study of asthma and allergies in childhood (ISAAC) phase two. PLoS One. 2014; 9 (12): e113996. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113996.Kusunoki T., Morimoto T., Nishikomori R. et al. Obesity and the prevalence of allergic diseases in schoolchildren. Pediatric allergy and immunology: official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2008; 19 (6): 527–534. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00686.x.Kusunoki T., Morimoto T., Nishikomori R. et al. Obesity and the prevalence of allergic diseases in schoolchildren. Pediatric allergy and immunology: official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2008; 19 (6): 527–534. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00686.x.Leung T.F., Kong A.P., Chan I.H. et al. Association between obesity and atopy in Chinese schoolchildren. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2009; 149 (2): 1330–1340. https://doi.org/10.1159/000189196.Leung T.F., Kong A.P., Chan I.H. et al. Association between obesity and atopy in Chinese schoolchildren. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2009; 149 (2): 1330–1340. https://doi.org/10.1159/000189196.Skaaby T., Taylor A.E., Thuesen B.H. et al. Estimating the causal effect of body mass index on hay fever, asthma and lung function using Mendelian randomization. Allergy. 2018; 73 (1): 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13242.Skaaby T., Taylor A.E., Thuesen B.H. et al. Estimating the causal effect of body mass index on hay fever, asthma and lung function using Mendelian randomization. Allergy. 2018; 73 (1): 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13242.Han Y.Y., Forno E., Gogna M. et al. Obesity and rhinitis in a nationwide study of children and adults in the United States. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2016; 137 (5): 1460–1465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1307.Han Y.Y., Forno E., Gogna M. et al. Obesity and rhinitis in a nationwide study of children and adults in the United States. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2016; 137 (5): 1460–1465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1307.Гирш Я.В., Герасимчик О.А. Роль и место биоимпедансного анализа в оценке состава тела детей и подростков с различной массой тела. Бюллетень сибирской медицины. 2018; 17 (2): 121–132.Girsh Y.V., Gerasimchik O.A. The role and place of bioimpedance analysis assessment of body composition of children and adolescents with different body mass. Bulletin of Siberian Medicine. 2018; 17 (2): 121–132. (In Russ.)Javed A., Jumean M., Murad M.H. et al. Diagnostic performance of body mass index to identify obesity as defined by body adiposity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatric Obesity. 2015; 10 (3): 234–244. doi: 10.1111/ijpo.242.Javed A., Jumean M., Murad M.H. et al. Diagnostic performance of body mass index to identify obesity as defined by body adiposity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatric Obesity. 2015; 10 (3): 234–244. doi: 10.1111/ijpo.242.Morąg B., Kozubek P., Gomułka K. Obesity and Selected Allergic and Immunological Diseases-Etiopathogenesis, Course and Management. Nutrients. 2023; 15 (17): 3813. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173813.Morąg B., Kozubek P., Gomułka K. Obesity and Selected Allergic and Immunological Diseases-Etiopathogenesis, Course and Management. Nutrients. 2023; 15 (17): 3813. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173813.Николаев Д.В., Руднев С.Г. Биоимпедансный анализ: основы метода, протокол обследования и интерпретация результатов (лекция). Спортивная медицина: наука и практика. 2012; 2: 29–37.Nikolaev D.V., Rudnev S.G. Bioimpedance analysis: basics of the method, examination protocol and interpretation of results (lecture). Sports medicine: science and practice. 2012; 2: 29–37. (In Russ.)Абдрахманова Ш.З., Арингазина А.М., Адаева А.А. Методы оценки состояния питания детей школьного возраста: фокус на антропометрических параметрах. Обзор литературы. Наука и здравоохранение. 2023; 6 (25): 207–216. https://doi.org/10.34689/SH.2023.25.6.024.Abdrakhmanova Sh.Z., Aringazina A.M., Adaeva A.A. Methods for school-age children nutritional status assessment: focus on anthropometric parameters. A review. 2023; 6 (25): 207–216. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.34689/SH.2023.25.6.024.Li R.L., Wu C.T., Chen S.M. et al. Allergic rhinitis children with obesity are more vulnerable to air pollution: A cross sectional study. Scientific Report. 2023; 13: 3658. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-30388-3.Li R.L., Wu C.T., Chen S.M. et al. Allergic rhinitis children with obesity are more vulnerable to air pollution: A cross sectional study. Scientific Report. 2023; 13: 3658. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-30388-3.Бекезин В.В., Королева А.Е., Сазоненкова Л.В., Волкова Е.В., Мешкова Р.Я. Аллергический ринит у детей с избыточной массой тела / ожирением: особенности сенсибилизации. Аллергология и иммунология в педиатрии. 2020; 63 (4): 29–35. https://doi.org/10.24411/2500-1175-2020-1001.Bekezin V.V., Koroleva A.E., Sazonekova L.V., Volkova E.V., Meshkova R.Ya. Allergic rhinitis in children with overweight/ obesity: features of sensitization. Allergology and immunology in pediatrics. 2020; 63 (4): 29–35. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24411/2500-1175-2020-1001.Park D.Y., Kim Y.S., Kim J.H. et al. Association of body mass index and other factors with histamine skin reactivity in adults with allergic nasal symptoms. The American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy. 2015; 29 (6): 160–163. https://doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2015.29.4233.Park D.Y., Kim Y.S., Kim J.H. et al. Association of body mass index and other factors with histamine skin reactivity in adults with allergic nasal symptoms. The American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy. 2015; 29 (6): 160–163. https://doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2015.29.4233.Ramalho R., Almeida J., Beltrao M. et al. Neurogenic inflammation in allergen-challenged obese mice: A missing link in the obesity-asthma association? Experimental Lung Research. 2012; 38: 316–324. https://doi.org/10.3109/01902148.2012.699589.Ramalho R., Almeida J., Beltrao M. et al. Neurogenic inflammation in allergen-challenged obese mice: A missing link in the obesity-asthma association? Experimental Lung Research. 2012; 38: 316–324. https://doi.org/10.3109/01902148.2012.699589.Furukawa S., Asano K., Kobayashi H. Suppressive Activity of Adiponectin on the Development of Allergic Rhinitis in Mice. In Vivo. 2019; 33 (1): 93–98. https://doi.org/10.21873/invivo.11444.Furukawa S., Asano K., Kobayashi H. Suppressive Activity of Adiponectin on the Development of Allergic Rhinitis in Mice. In Vivo. 2019; 33 (1): 93–98. https://doi.org/10.21873/invivo.11444.Park J.H., Yoo E., Seo M.W. et al. Association between Physical Activity and Respiratory Diseases in Adolescents: An Age- and Gender-Matched Study. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021; 18 (4): 1397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.09.009.Park J.H., Yoo E., Seo M.W. et al. Association between Physical Activity and Respiratory Diseases in Adolescents: An Age- and Gender-Matched Study. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021; 18 (4): 1397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.09.009.de Sá Pittondo M., Migueis D.P., Fujita R.R., et al. Effect of Body Weight on Response to Nasal Glucocorticoid Treatment in Allergic Rhinitis. Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2024; 76 (1): 1002–1009. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12070-023-04344-6.de Sá Pittondo M., Migueis D.P., Fujita R.R., et al. Effect of Body Weight on Response to Nasal Glucocorticoid Treatment in Allergic Rhinitis. Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2024; 76 (1): 1002–1009. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12070-023-04344-6.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.